Stack basics

ezc has a single, global stack. Every value you write is pushed onto it. Every operator pops its arguments off and pushes its result back.

Pushing values

3

That program pushes the integer 3. Running it leaves a stack of [3].

Multiple values stack up:

1 2 3

The stack is [1 2 3] — 3 is on top.

Operators

+ pops two numbers and pushes their sum:

3 4 +

Step by step:

1. 3 → stack [3]
2. 4 → stack [3 4]
3. + pops 3 and 4, pushes 7 → stack [7]

This is reverse Polish notation. There are no parentheses for grouping arithmetic, and no operator precedence — the order is determined entirely by the stack.

3 4 + 2 *

That's (3 + 4) * 2 = 14. Try it.

All the arithmetic operators

10 3 +    # add → 13
10 3 -    # subtract → 7
10 3 *    # multiply → 30
10 3 /    # divide → 3 (integer division)
10 3 %    # modulo → 1
2 10 ^    # power → 1024

Comparisons push 0 or 1

There is no separate boolean type. Comparisons push 1 for true, 0 for false:

3 4 <     # → 1
4 3 <     # → 0
3 3 ==    # → 1

Stack manipulation

Sometimes you want to reorder, duplicate, or drop values:

Try it:

5 ,       # → [5 5]
5 ;       # → []
1 2 ~     # → [2 1]
1 2 _     # → [1 2 1]

Comments

Anything after # on a line is a comment:

3 4 +     # this is a comment, the result is 7

What's next

• Variables and scopes — naming values